Alternations of consonants in Ukrainian
Part I
In Ukrainian, historical alternations are caused by phonetic changes such as palatalization.
- The oldest alternation of consonants, which took place in all Slavic languages, was a change of velar consonants г, к, x to soft hushing sounds ж’, ч’, ш’.
г, к, x – ж‘, ч‘, ш‘
E.g.: могти́ – я мо́жу (to be able)
лягти́ – я ля́жу (to lay perf.v.)
пла́кати – я пла́чу (to cry)
сміх – смішни́й (laugh – funny)
Rule1: In nouns before the suffixes -к-, -oк, -ин- with the meanings of diminutive and endearment:
E.g.: нога́ – ні́жка (leg)
рука́ – ру́чка (hand)
ву́хо – ву́шко (ear)
The child has small legs.
Rule2: In the Voc. c. of masculine nouns (II declension) before the ending -e:
E.g.: друг – дру́же (friend)
коза́к – коза́че (Cossack)
чолові́к – чолові́че (man)
Rule3: In all personal forms of verbs of the present tense:
E.g.: пекти́ – я печу́ (to bake)
бі́гти – я біжу́ (to run)
The girl is baking cookies.
future tense forms of the perfective aspect:
E.g.: спекти́ – я спечу́ (to bake perf. v. – I’ll bake)
прибі́гти – я прибіжу́ (to come running – I’ll come running)
passive participles before the suffix -ен-:
E.g.: запе́чене м’я́со (baked meat)
There is baked meat on the table.
- During the Proto-Slavic period, there was also a change of г, к, х to з’, ц’, с’ before the ending i (former ѣ):
г, к, х – з’, ц’, с’ before i
E.g.: нога́ – на нозі́
рука́ – на руці́
ву́хо – у ву́сі
earring in the ear
Rule1: Feminine gender nouns (I declension) in the singular in the Dat. c. and Loc. c.
E.g.: кві́тка – кві́тці (Dat. c.) – на кві́тці (Loc. c.) (flower)
підло́га – підло́зі – на підло́зі (floor)
Rule2: Masculine andneutral gender nouns (II declension) in the singular in the Loc. c.
E.g.: ву́хо – у ву́сі
рік – у ро́ці (year)
Note to remember:
Put the words into Dat. and Loc. Cases:
Наприклад:
кві́тка – кві́тці – на кві́тці
по́друга
підло́га
О́льга
му́ха
Put the verbs into I person singular:
пла́кати – я
могти́ –
бі́гти –
берегти́ –